Sunday, December 19, 2010

Has Anyone Seen Any Bonefish Coupons

"The Man Who Shot Durruti "by Pedro de Paz


I must admit that I like to write reviews. The truth is that I have neither the talent nor the patience, and reveal or discuss the tricks and skullduggery that the author has used seems to me, always a difficult task. To elaborate on my refusal, my tendency to over-pompous prose helps my complete analysis of clunkers become extremely poorly clarifiers and pedantic, so I prefer not lavish on such exercises and devote my poor literary skills to other tasks. Despite the above, "The Man Who Killed Durruti", the writer Pedro de Paz Madrid, well worth to give up my reservation and to rush this titanic effort, for me, is the perpetration of criticism. God forbid, of course, because the book deserves it, that the work goes well and does not result in an undeserved kick to it.
Let us begin, though not really know how and the result is chaotic.
Before that, however, I must clarify one thing.
happens that I never know where to start. Accustomed to beating around the bush, constantly spinning around on one side to another, as would a sick bug or without head, to concoct speculations that claim to brilliance, which are instantly dismissed by stupid and generate other equally absurd or fools. And so ad nauseum, until I get bored and, finally, now convinced of my worthlessness, left the company, crestfallen and crippled. Today, however, do something different, because I want because I peta and because I can not think of a better way to do it. So, pull, to gloss over the image I formed of the author.
While my relationship with Pedro de Paz is limited to those two exchanged comments on blogs, Facebooks and trifles of that sort, the fact remains that this sort of tech communication links ends to create strange, not far away , with which it achieves secure a strong and loving relationships, and therefore, without more, well, bluntly, I can say that I like Pedro de Paz nice.
do not know. Perhaps because of his intransigence that exacerbated the deception and arrogance, perhaps, for this gritty sense of humor that seems to possess, sly and bad-looking, or, perhaps, by that character and raging bully to me like a glimpse in their speeches bloggers , who pushes him, I believe, to circumvent restrictions and warmth and ridicule in prose, those who abuse or violate what he considered fair or what is particularly concerned, the English way of being so courageous as forgotten, that moves to defend the alien at the expense of the proper, even if it means a lesson, a bad "direto" or a slap.
And that character is his, or so I believed him, "what Peter has turned in his" The Man Who Killed Durruti ", awarded the José Saramago back in 2003 and now, Fortunately for his readers, the publisher has kindly Aladena reprint.
In his novel, Pedro de Paz shells investigation to discover who and what lay behind the death of Buenaventura Durruti, syndicalist leader and Republican militiaman died in Madrid in November 1936 during an alleged scuffle at the front of the university city of Madrid. To designate such a great task Commander and Lieutenant Fernández Durán Alcázar, who, like the Peace Peter himself confesses, no more than mere transcripts of the famous characters in the novels of Conan Doyle, which is confessed admirer. So, the honest and dedicated Fernández Durán, commander of the Republican army and former policeman, will assume the role of Sherlock Holmes, while Alcazar, a smart lieutenant conseguidor halo, representing the Watson.
In the play, through interrogation and subsequent reflections on them, Pedro de Paz outlines the circumstances surrounding the death of Durruti during, the testimony offered, the contradictions detected and inevitable assumptions and assumptions that arise therefrom. All this makes an admirable narrative rhythm, without fuss or fanfare, and with an accurate and sensible language that makes the reader gripped to the novel and it does not come off until you have eaten.
The author's ability is unquestionable. Everything important is hidden in the background that is intertwined with lies and conspiracies, and this lets the reader to devise new theories that make the event even more unreasonable and unattainable. Everyone lies, everyone is saying the truth, and the reader, who is angry and offended, he has no choice but to turn more and more reading. Pedro
falls further into temptation historicist and manipulative, but it has all the necessary assets and used for the benefit of the plot, without focusing on sympathies and claims or to demonstrate partisan loyalties. She acknowledged, however, in many ways, his admiration for Durruti and consistency that he showed throughout his life, but insists it is show us what it is, elevating it to the status of myth or parapet behind false excuses, but also shows its meanness and misery, certainly abundant in the character.
"The Man Who Killed Durruti" is, in short, a wonderful novel, full of stylistic resources and lessons, which has successfully come to terms with a gender, that of the thriller, which had long fled. Therefore go from here, my sincere thanks and heartfelt tribute.
Thank you, Peter, "The Man Who Killed Durruti.



For information about the author, just click here .

Friday, November 5, 2010

Can Weed Give You High Blood Pressure

further Illusions




Heck! Why did it cost so much effort to write this post? I do not know why, but every time I try, oh, boy, is that there is no way. Despite my tendency to be presumed bulky and self-promotion (yes, yes, I assume), it seems that sentences need for adequate promotion requiring the help of a forceps, as if clinging to the nib (or keyboard, for that matter, comes to the itself) and refused to adequately reflected, in large type, bold, clearly visible (as it should, Cone!), so I am forced to put as many silly things come to my head and pray that the outcome of these I do not blush too much.
Anyway, as the drinks are difficult to blow them all at once, here goes well with a pair of the blue and without interruption (or milk to be said):

DH PUBLISHING, publisher of which I've written on other occasions, will publish a book (pssst, we can not reveal yet, but I think it will go on sale November 15) in which seven authors gloss, in Thus, some of the songs on Shuarma Barcelona musician, former leader of the Elephants. The title is "His universe through" and, strange as fate, one of my stories is part of it.
Of course, needless to say I am that do not fit me, haughty and happy as a turkey show which was full of joy and bravado. And indeed, no wonder.
The publisher has done a splendid job, and I had the great good fortune collaborating with a fantastic group of writers, I admire deeply, and with a number of illustrators who have been able to trace, with obvious expertise, the images that are hidden behind the texts. The prologue, as well as have the opportunity to test those who purchase the book, is exceptional
Together, has created an unusual book, original and fabulous, a sort of literary exegesis of the inimitable Shuarma work, which undoubtedly , is one of the best lyricists in the country.

here I leave a link to the editorial page, where you can also see his other publications. Below, I leave this information on before us.

Finally, and so elaborate on the self, I would like to tell one more thing: one of my stories, theater of the dead, was a finalist in the pageant that Hispanic Horror, portal terror and mystery, had convened on the occasion the feast of All Saints. Go therefore, from here, my sincere congratulations to the winners and finalists, and my deepest gratitude to all who have been involved in such a fortunate decision.
so far not known what the fate of these ten stories, but I know there are certain movements that a publisher of some note the releases in a joint book. Of course, I hope.


Thank you for getting here.
A big hug. Gervasio López







DH PUBLISHING RELEASE
his universe
Various Artists
INK SOUND COLLECTION, 1 - enlightened
Anthology ISBN: 978-84-938301-1-3 - Paperback Edition 210x150 mm - 126 pages RRP € 9.95

(DH Publishing will donate 25% of the benefits of this work to Oxfam)
SIINOPSIIS:
An image, a text, originally a song.
A song, a text and illustration.
A sound that inspired the words, words that project Stroke.
A universe, his own, in a different light, ours.
few stories, we invent, which germinated from other stories, those that listen.
is his universe. Inspired
Shuarma compositions. FOR SALE


FROM 15 NOVEMBER 2010

Journalist AUTHORS:
degree in Journalism, Iria Suarez has worked in media as
Champion Sports, La Opinión A Coruña or more recently as director of content of Novaxove.com. Lastrend currently manages the blog and this is his first foray into the world of literature.
Amoedo David Losada (Vigo, 1984). Coordinator and founder member Fuck Collective Comics. Fanzine Despregable collaborator, who edits the AC Embaixador Prusina. Descuberto Xogo collective Collaborator. Contributing youth group web CAIXANOVA Novaxove.com. Head of Propaganda and Agitation of Xuventude Communists and the area of \u200b\u200bUI-EU Xuventude Vigo between 2003 and 2005. Collaborating Galician humor magazine Retranca graphic. Victor
Morata Cut (Cartagena, 1977). Murcia writer with a predilection toward fiction and sub-genres in various formats. He has won numerous occasions, one of their awards on the VII Yoescribo Story Award. Www.mentecreativamente.blogspot.com

born Senen López Lozano by chance, thirty-four years in Barcelona. For three decades living in Vigo, but his imagination escapes whenever possible to Celeiros of marinae (marine Lugo). Writer and web editor, combines these aspects with the cover design Ediciones DH publications. Vieira Francisco Iglesias
"Quisco" is a painter and illustrator, and runs an art academy in Vigo (Quisart - Avda Portanet, 16 - Vigo).
Rafa Rubio García, born in Girona on October 16, 1977 and resident in Blanes. It is co-author of Imperfect Symmetry (2009) and has worked in his universe (2010), 11 (2008), as well as different websites and magazines in digital and printed. Alejandro
Grandío Night. Computer and illustrator, web designer and industrial designer in the making.
Javier Pellicer (Benigánim, Valencia). Treasure several mentions, among others, winner of the contest I Cryptshow Festival and finalist in the Monsters of Reason. It's literary collaborator on the web and the magazine HHorror Ilike magazine, which serialized his novel The Shadow of the Moon. Fany
http://tierradebardos.blogspot.com/
senior Carmona Higher Level of Enlightenment, so far has worked sporadically on private commissions, such as decorative murals and portraits, but would like to start a more professional way in this world. Dominates all kinds of techniques, both traditional and digital, creating works with a high level of detail in a short time. Http://fanycarmona.blogspot.com/

Gervasio Lopez is the author of Crimes of Avignon, a novel published by Double Axe Cultural Association, and several short stories. Has been named Publisher of the Year 2009 and finalist of the contest All Saints 2010, both called by the web H-Horror. Collaborates regularly with Brandlife magazine, where he publishes his column from my chair. Alejandro Santos has worked
covering different aspects of graphic design or the creative ... Illustrations for print, layout of magazines, multimedia CDs, advertising design ... Currently developing a web page business daily while trying to carve out a niche as an illustrator. Darius
http://www.alejandrosantos.es
Couselo Vilas (Vigo, June 10, 1979) is a writer, editor and web editor. He also has served as the bi-annual magazine anthology Horror Hispanic publication arising from the success of its website www.h-horror.com . He has participated as author in several books of short stories, and also in digital and paper magazines.

www.dhediciones.com
Orders: catalogo@dhediciones.com
Interviews with authors: prensa@dhediciones.com

Saturday, October 30, 2010

Atv Street Tire Dot Approved

Another review of" Crimes of Avignon "


In this case, the reviewer is Victor Morata Cortado, author of the great blog "Mentecreativa" which I highly recommend that you visit.

Thank you, Victor, with all my heart.


Avignon, S. XIV, while a crime wave plaguing most important members of the Catholic Church, an old Cistercian monk strives to silence his conscience before the torture he is forced to commit to protect his superiors. Only his deep faith will allow you to stay within the line that separates it from madness.





The first pages of this book in his foreword to warn us of what we will find there, the words of Darius Vilas are concise: "Gervasio is one of those authors who can afford the luxury of not having anything to catch a story without substance, pointless, and transferírnosla a way so beautiful that we do not care. ... "and before this I have to say I could not agree more. The story of this novel is almost secondary, a mere stage on which actors swarm making their mark and that is so, the actors and the emotional charge off is the very basis of this work. They and not other items that provide strength and invite you to enjoy reading. The back story is like a canvas on which they are giving raw strokes of the reality that once was. An amazing way, the reader just does manage to perceiving the argument (that is, no doubt), then the dramatic inside story of the characters, their thoughts and time in which events unfold is so powerful that overflows and overprints rest.


Gervasio López demonstrates in this novel his talent to bring out the worst of the human soul and transform it into a prose so heartbreaking that oppresses the breast and stir the gut. Excerpts from Avignon Crimes that force you to look away, to wish he had read what you possibly leave the dregs of future nightmares, this is where Gervais proves to be a master in the creation of literary images, this yes, very near the gore. It is this fact that determines how accurate the decision of the editors to choose the work as his debut in the collection of novel emblem of Horror authors under the label Hispanic Cultural Association Double Hache.


addition to the above, include a point in favor of the novel and the character is printed on your characters back from being subjective, but quite the opposite. None of the protagonists is favored by the writer and Gervasio are offered as-is, with its own momentum, with their reflections and thoughts are not polluted by the author. In this game of warring personalities, we love to hate the protagonist and the antagonist, but also the opposite; both them and their actions and their respective doctrines that both moves. Gervasio brings to the table all the cards face up so that the reader draw his own conclusions, not about the plot, but on those years of history in which the Inquisition was the word and law. In conclusion we can say that is a fast reader, its 122 pages weigh not, except in the soul. The tremendous images created Gervasio certainly can hurt the sensibility of the reader, making reading to finish involving a double relief: to have enjoyed a good time and to end the suffering and cruelty that exude its pages.






Shvoong
Also available:



Saturday, October 23, 2010

How Is A Beach Buggy Worth

Who will be this time?

I had not hung a relatillo, so I decided to make amends.
Hope you like (to put it in some way).


Who will be this time? How much time will elapse before it triggers my anger? How many people suffer the consequences?

do not know, but I'm sure something is going to happen, and someone, anyone, will pay with his life. Today I

to feel confused. I am haunted, most haunted, and all I have around strikes me as dangerous. Nothing looks familiar or known, and my body, shivering and feverish, reacted sharply to each of the stimuli it receives.
still remember what happened the last time I was so, when any person who crossed my path became very appealing to my eyes. Then, nascent sweat beginning to dampen my body shiver ran down my neck small, exacerbating my instincts, my anger rising ...
that day just touched him. Passed there at the wrong time. Nothing more.
The murky images that my mind was always bloated then too scary, and I, unable to bear any longer the damage I caused, I could not resist.
I tried! I tried living God! But I could not.
The influence of the horror is too great to ignore, and my value, unfortunately, too low.
do not know, maybe not so much the influence and the fact that my nature pushes me to it, may not be because my mind is now sick and yes, on the contrary, I've always been. Perhaps
. Who knows.
In fact, I've always been attracted by violence, by the almost orgiastic feeling invades me to see how the eyes of my victims are tinged haze, how dirty your blood my body. Since
small, even as a child, I felt, when my friends beat and squeezed my arms, when cursing, when I spit ...
But today, however, is different. Today ... is unconscionable.
remember that I approached him. It was very easy, walking distracted and not notice anything, perhaps he was thinking of the dinner that would enjoy coming home, you may think of their children, who soon kiss ...
Bufff! It's hard, I I know.
I hit him. Buried the hammer on his head again and again, in a frantic, compulsive, almost hysterical. The blood flowed with violence, first as a rash, a sudden vomiting or a sudden gush, then when the wound was already huge, gushing, somewhat hampered by the hair.
Seeing him, I closed my eyes for a few seconds. I wanted to enjoy that moment so sublime.
When I opened them and looked again, blood pouring from his head, dense, almost blind, was moving slowly to the sump.
do not know why, because I had never done so far, but something prompted me to do so. Seeing this puddle
vermilion bright, almost unctuous, awoke in me an appetite ... hmmm, how shall we say ?...¡ sweet! Yes! Greedy is the word.
stretched out his hand and then plunged my fingers into this warm liquid. Then I looked, soaked and defeated fleeting life ... and I licked it greedily.
Ahhh! I liked it!
do not know. It may be a step in the process, when only care about death, when only my hunger is the protagonist.
Anyway, today I am feeling. And there is no turning back.

Now I stare.
Lees on the computer, oblivious to everything around you, thinking that these phrases are just that: serifs mourn someone has written more or less successfully.
Ha!
Wait! Do not turn back! I'm here!

Wednesday, October 13, 2010

What Is A Non Cable Telephone Line

"The House of Shadows" DH Publishing


THE HOUSE OF SHADOWS


Dh Editions, the new publisher founded by Darius Vilas, and Lozano Senen, administrators and creators of the website Horror Hispano, has just published "The House of shadows ", by Juan Angel Laguna Edroso, known for his great work as director and editor Leisure Pumpkin Zero in the attic. Say
LITERATURE-so that in case, to note that my respect toward her know something, to write no more than tell a story, to recreate the environment in which it develops and to present characters who have to interact among themselves. However, such a task, which seems so prosaic as it sounds sick easily, is, as you read this will know, very complicated. Juan Laguna, however, it does so enviable.
"The House of Shadows" is a novel cortita, yes, to my regret, sunset, beautifully written, intriguing and sometimes even disturbing, and in it, the author has created a frightening world of uncertainties and concerns of delayed revenge and crazy houses, monsters and wicked, that the reader gets caught in a inescapable.
Maybe it's the prose that is used-sometimes dense, tidy, sometimes, pert and quick, "perhaps the way to weave the chapters, as stories in themselves capable of providing, at a time, information and mystery, questions and answers, tension and relaxation, or, perhaps, that tile creepy characters and subjugated lives so faithfully has been able to sketch, in which the reader does not know who is the ruler and who the victim until Finally, agile pen and outspoken Juan Angel decides to find out.
In either case, is for whatever reason, the result is overwhelming, and reading "The House of Shadows" becomes an exercise enthusiast and exhausting, as one eager to grasp even the most minute detail of the plot and so go with the horrible vicissitudes suffered by the characters.
The journey through the pages becomes insane. I have come to empathize with an evil beings, sinister, even diabolical, and I did so without restraint or direction, understanding the circumstances that led them to behave as such. He knew, of course, I should not because they are bad, pity there is in them, their kindness is an impossibility ... However, attractive force and personality, managed to seduce me.
sufficed the first chapter, and the following, in a bizarre stunt, do not know whether accidental or intentional, with which the author passes alternately between the first and third person, the tension required for a voracious reading came over me.
Using the third person, Juan Laguna facilitates action and entertainment, with the first, as a dramatic confession, reveals the keys sufficient to increase the anxiety, and always, as a slab that weighs on the reader favors concern that attempts a forbidden name.
"The House of Shadows" is, in short, an extraordinary novel - God, how many sentences I had saved from have started well! - and Juan Ángel Laguna Edroso, from now, one of my writers are essential. Go
therefore, for him, my congratulations and deepest gratitude, and will therefore how could it be otherwise, my deep admiration for DH Publishing, who, without any help, have managed to create a project as exciting as necessary.

THE HOUSE OF SHADOWS
EDROSO
LAGUNA JUAN ANGEL COLLECTION LAST STEP, 1 - Fiction
ISBN: 978-84-614-3365-0
190x120 mm
Paperback RRP € 7.95
More information and first chapter the novel in http://www.dhediciones.com/



Friday, October 1, 2010

When Does Tech Deck Live Come Out




Few events have been held by both the writer and the birth of a new publisher. But if it comes with a clear conviction of help, to break new ground, to transgress the existing and aerate or facilitate the emergence of new literary values, the occasion is one of those for which we should all congratulate ourselves, pitch in and support in whatever way we can.

The effort that the creators of Hispanic and double ax Horror have been doing for a year and a half month old and upward, month down, finally gave the expected result; his efforts, the hours spent, the bad times have become in the creation of DH Publishing, a young and exciting company that will give the necessary boost to the English publishing world is much needed. DH Publishing

resume emblematic collections, facilitate access to literature for the sake of low prices that aims to manage and lead new authors, full of illusions and previous rejections, you see, finally, his dream realized.

Today, October 1, goes on sale first novel, "The House of Shadows", a promising writer Juan Laguna Edroso; the next, "frog soup", a selection of stories of terror and mystery, will begin its journey on October 5.

I just hope that both provide them all the success they deserve.

If we all help a little, will be much easier.


http://www.dhediciones.com/


http://www.dhediciones.com/images/dossier_pdf/dossier_casa_de_las_sombras.pdf


http://www.dhediciones. com / images / dossier_pdf / dossier_sopa_de_sapos.pdf




Thursday, September 30, 2010

Funny Wording For 35 Birthday Party Invite

Review of "Crimes of Avignon" of torture and pests

Here you have a review that Elena Montagud has made "The crimes of Avignon." As I have said on previous occasions, and despite recognized as undeserved compliments received, Elena, a thousand times, thank you very much.
http://www.h-horror.com/Other/libros/pdf% 20libros% 20h-horror/crimenes_avignon.pdf

Thursday, September 23, 2010

Homemade Raft Camping



Here you have a link to a story published in English Horror page. Hope you like it, though a bit different beast.
http://www.h-horror.com/Relatos/Relatos% 20pdf/de_torturas_y_pestes.pdf

Tuesday, September 21, 2010

Butterfly And Baby Sayings

www.lapizarradeyuri.com

case anyone has not noticed yet ...

remember everyone that Yuri Slate has moved to

We
there. :-)

Sunday, September 5, 2010

Am I Gay If I Masterbate With Others

Javier Pellicer, always friendly.

Yes, I know. I have been much neglected blog, but the truth is I was not too lively for this topic of literature. Were given enough circumstances for this, so it would take too long to explain, well, I will not bore you too much. Lately, however, I've been more active. I get excited, I'm back to write-and there are several stories that give good examples of this, and I picked up a new novel which I was pretty crazy, so everything seems fine. Javier Pellicer
has also a gesture that I appreciated very much. As many of you know, Javier is a regular contributor Magacine Ilike, where he published, in installments, his novel "The Shadow of the Moon", a gripping story in which she shows her enormous literary talent I recommend, strongly, his reading . He has also been responsible interviews and book reviews, and to my sospresa, the last of which has been devoted to "Crimes of Avignon."
has been a gift to me, something unexpected and surprising that it has made me a smile and fill your chest with pride. Something that, frankly, I thank you heartily.
Then I leave the link where You can download the magazine. Worthwhile, I assure you, not by my appearance, eh, but interviews, music content and Javier novel.
I leave here. See http://www.ilikemagazine.com/descargas/revista/ilikemagazine_numero10.zip

.

Sunday, August 1, 2010

Prom Dresses 2010 In Montreal

A year of Yuri Slate

... and holidays, and a book, and a new domain ...

(Click to enlarge)

That's it. This blog has just joined us after a year, I need a vacation, I'll write a book and we are going to continue reading in a new domain from sometime this August. ;-)

First, and to follow the custom already started earlier this year, data: nearly half a million visitors, almost a quarter of a million visitors, almost three quarters of a million readings. Not bad, what we're going to cheat. :-D The truth is that, seen from today's perspective, these early data was a little joke. I give my sincere thanks to all those who have helped to popularize Yuri Slate from Digg from Office, from Facebook and Twitter from your own blogs and from all the multitude of sites that the informer told me. Really, thanks. Whatever it is this blog is also a bit of yours, because it is hard work and dedication and without that support I would have felt much more alone and less motivated. Thanks also to all the people who participate in the comments that you send me messages and stuff. Many.

most viewed pages, in order: and pump HAARP rainbow (and I thought I these frikadas interest to us only four cats ...), three superheroes Chernobyl (which I am pleased galore ; Going for them), it works a nuclear weapon, the origin of God and sucked last , followed by the transcript black box Polish Air Force . Only these texts and account for nearly one hundred and fifty thousand visitors.

Some data, referred to last quarter: three thousand hits and 1500 visitors daily. For browsers: Firefox (54.15%), Chrome (20.05%), Internet Explorer (15.41%), Safari (4.65%) and Opera (3.97%). Operating systems: Windows (79.87%, most XP), Linux (10.85%) and Mac (7.23%). The most common screen resolutions: 1280x800 and 1280x1024, 1024x768 followed. I know that these numbers are good to them that you do designs and websites and stuff. ;-)

A holiday, a book and a new domain. Write

Yuri Slate's own costs, and the truth is I need a break, especially with the slang that we are suffering. In addition, I promised to someone else. I guess I'll take the month of August, but just occasionally I'll be uploading some lighter stuff. In fact, more than a vacation, want to be a pressure relief (self-imposed nobody forced me) to get two tickets a week. I am preparing a book with a selection of posts, which already has an editor and want to write someone else I have in mind. Having discovered that many people seem to like how I write, it would be a shame waste it, do not you think?

At the same time, I will use also to make the transition to a new domain blog: www.lapizarradeyuri.com . Do not you guide about how it is now, because it is completely in assembly and testing and what I do, undo and change twenty times before inauguration. The basic idea with the support of the technical staff of the Public "is that to me allow me to more possibilities and that you read and participate in this 2.0 Yuri Slate will not cause any significant discomfort. Come on, you are a holiday but less . :-D That

. That passes very good summer, and my Southern readers, a happy winter, "takes care on the roads and stuff, not about anyone here, and see you in a few weeks. And I Piro, waiting for me a straw cold on the beach not far from a very cute chavalas topless. You understand that the former is ahead. See you soon. ;-)

Thursday, July 29, 2010

How Did Jean Lafitte Die And When

Human Genome: disappointment or principle?

Ten years after the first draft human genome
few medical advances that have earned him see the light.
In biology, however, has represented a revolution.

Let's be honest: made a few promises tad enthusiastic. We talked about that in a decade could establish and eliminate the common origin of many diseases such as cancer, mental illness or degenerative disorders. That would open an era of diagnoses, treatments and drugs tailored to each individual in particular. Hereditary malformations disappear, would stop aging, agree to a new time where sickness and old age begin to be a thing of the past. We wrote countless articles on the moral hazard of control over DNA, gene patents and the usual Frankenstein syndrome fans warned us over and over again about the dangers of playing God. The then U.S. president, Bill Clinton, said the decoding of the genome "will revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most, if not all human disease." Francis Collins, director of genomic agency of the National Institutes of Health, prophesied that in ten years we would have diagnosis genetic disease and in five years, the first treatments. Pharmaceutical corporations spent billions of dollars to all sorts of associated research, assuming that recover more than imminently.

Well ... that decade has passed since the Human Genome Project-publicly owned and private Celera Genomics Program published the first draft of our DNA. And seven since he gave roughly completed. However, it appears that these promises are fulfilled in any significant degree. We're actually a bit as we were, with many advances in medical science but no revolution genetic noteworthy. The current director of the National Cancer Institute U.S. Harold Varmus (Nobel laureate), published recently in the New England Journal of Medicine that "only a handful of important changes, some specific genetic treatments for a few cancers Some novel therapies for a few Mendelian trends and some strong genetic markers to monitor response to medication, the risk of illness or risk of disease progression, have been incorporated into routine medical practice. " Nicholas Wade, science editor of the New York Times , has summarized in the following words: "After ten years of effort, geneticists are almost back to square one in finding the roots of the disease."

The truth is that, for now, you'd think this is a disappointment. Despite the excesses in public relations, seemed quite logical to assume that reading human genome would lead to some radical changes in medical science. The only ones who expressed some doubts about it were the supporters of environmental scenarios for the disease, some denouncing fundamentalism genetic determinism in this whole affair, and probably would not be without its share of reason, but still should have gotten a lot more. What happened? What went wrong? And, how far wrong?

Human Genome Project.

The original idea of \u200b\u200bdecoding our entire DNA appeared in the Department of Energy of the United States, whose interests and laboratories reach far beyond the mere national energy management in the mid 80s. In a 1987 report , this ministry has already stated that his intention was "to create a physical map of human genome" and ultimately word "understand" because "the knowledge of the human genome is as necessary for the continued progress of medicine and other health sciences as knowledge of human anatomy has been for the present state of medicine." The project, with a budget of three billion dollars, was launched in 1990 as an international co-operation which also involved the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, China and India.

The thing looked so promising that in 1998 he joined the private initiative of Craig Venter, led by Celera Genomics , with a budget ten times smaller (though it took a bit of cheating, including all the results already produced by the Human Genome Project that were publicly available through GenBank ). The fact is that they produce a kind of career during the latter stages of the investigation, who won the public initiative recently, the July 7, 2000.

Although these figures of billions of dollars are dizzying, the truth is that out very cheap. Often, the development of a single drug at the hands of a pharmaceutical company needs ten years of research and billions of dollars. Read the entire human genome in those same ten years and three billion seems no exaggeration, especially if we consider that it was necessary to develop comprehensive technologies that did not exist when you start the program: only these technologies are worth more than three billion. Come on, that the matter was not an economic sprawl and has generated many benefits. But, so far from what we were dreaming ...!

All different, all equal.

Varmus has summarized the current situation with remarkable precision and brilliance, "Genomics is a way of doing science, not medicine." Indeed, our DNA sequencing has given us a treasure of immense value to biology ... whose medical applications practices are still very limited. We have read the genome but honestly we have not yet understood . Not enough.

And it has many remarkable and wonderful things ... and fiendishly complex to understand. For example, the number of genes capable of expressing as protein is only 23,000, when the roundworms supposedly more basic than we-present 20,000 (when you expect more than 100,000). The vast majority of the genome appears to be junk DNA (more technically, non-coding) whose function is in the best Auxiliary and often zero, left there by evolution over hundreds of millions of years, in tests with mice, when removed from this "useless code, not absolutely nothing happens. Other parts of the noncoding DNA contributes to the RNA transcript in ways not yet well understood. The genetic similarity among all human beings are hereditarily healthy 99.5% or higher. The resemblance to the chimpanzee is so great (around 96%) that have emerged voices for inclusion in the genus homo (or us in the bread ). And in other primates the difference is not much higher.

hypothesis conjecture, perhaps more popular in recent times is that the differences between humans and between your chances of getting a disease or do not correspond to one or two mistakes or variations in DNA, but with a very complex sequence interactions between these subtle differences, so that obviously makes it difficult to identify and correct. For their part, environmentalists (supporters of the differences between humans and their susceptibility to disease are more closely related to the environment than genes) have found a unique opportunity to advance his view, by the simple argument that these hypotheses or conjectures deterministic remain mere speculation with the current data of the genome in hand. This will be discussed with the diseases that have a hereditary component even clearer despite living since childhood in different environments, but certainly difficult right now with those in which this hereditary factor is less secure. In light of what (little) we know now, this debate not be settled soon.

The party of biologists.

In more general biological terms, however, sequencing human genome and other species has led to unparalleled progress. Ultimately, we could not raise any of this seriously if we had not started to read the DNA, which is already a tremendous progress in itself. The genetic engineering or molecular biology contemporary would be incomprehensible without the results of these projects also represent an essential reference for proteomics . In fact, everything you do biologists from now and forever be marked by this hidden knowledge before. And knowing as we get more and more, will be extended to medicine, though perhaps not the forms assumed in the beginning when we were still more ignorant.


So, as my grandmother, nor as bald or seven wigs . The human genome sequencing has provided a major breakthrough biological secondary applications in medicine of this, most likely will continue to increase as we learn more. In some ways has been a disappointment, but only because Mother Nature had in store for us a puzzle even more complex and fascinating within each of our cells. And, undoubtedly, has been a principle: the birth of the future life sciences, with all the medical implications making it and will. As always, science advances until you make a mistake, we make a mistake making exaggerated promises ten years ago, but the result is we now know much more and much better. Progress is not always a straight line, but a lot of ways, including an occasional twisted back. In the long run, reading the DNA will be remembered as a great milestone and we begin to understand ourselves deeply, the better.

Sunday, July 25, 2010

Other Words For Vagaina

Narcosubmarinos.




As Colombian cartels try to regain business lost to the Mexicans,
emerging more and more sophisticated vessels to reach the coast sneak United States.

Next Wednesday will be a year that the famous mobster Vyacheslav Ivankov Georgian origin met his fate in the traditional way: three sniper bullets were to greet him as he left dinner in a Moscow restaurant . Mortally wounded but tough to peel, died 73 days later, on 9 October 2009 - and was buried with the usual luxury in these cases and wreaths of large law thieves spread through the world. Moscow police found the rifle in a car abandoned in a parking lot adjacent to, but no trace of the murderer, as is common in these cases.

Ivankov had been an old friend of the Soviet police, the Russian and American, who rose to the newspapers back in 1995, when he was arrested in Miami to be organizing the sale of Soviet submarines to Cali Cartel. Yes, indeed Soviet submarines, diesel-electric Tango classes and Juliett that had been decommissioned following the collapse of the USSR and oxidized in various Baltic ports. Diesel-electric submarines are much quieter The nuclear and therefore are considered more capable of penetrating, though more slowly and fewer benefits-submarine defense systems undetected. Apparently, it was the Colombians who were split, as it seemed too daring operation . Ivankov, meanwhile, had already bespoken to a group of twenty crew members with a one-year contract.

Presumably, the Colombians were right. It is difficult to imagine how he thought Ivankov move one or more Soviet submarines from the Baltic Sea to South America without leaving any clues and no means to discover States U.S. has deployed in the Atlantic and the Pacific, especially considering that the ships were already stripped of much of their means of warfare and the mercenary crew, as they say, was made by marine alluvium with limited experience in government of these submersible quite sophisticated for its time. However, the idea did not die when the operation was canceled. Perhaps the possibility of operating a former Soviet submarine fleet was beyond the real possibilities of a para-state as they have organized some trafficking rings, but a more modest program could be within reach.

Cell.

The absurd war on drugs addition to sow death and corruption on all sides while ensuring that anyone can find any drug anywhere in the world, has meant that whole areas and regions of several of these countries live illegal substances under the control of feudal clans, cartels and mafias of all kinds. So notorious cocaine production and trafficking of other products such as heroin headed for the United States is still present in vast layers of Colombian society and especially in the corrupt system called parapolitics .

At the same time, by simple geographic proximity, the northern states of Mexico have been falling increasingly in the hands of these organized crime groups that were previously used and have now come to control much of the material intended for gringos. This process occurred when the traditional Colombian cartels (Medellín, Cali, Norte del Valle, Costa Norteña) were disbanded during the '90s. Immediately afterwards, from 2000, the Mexican cartels took over in a spiral of violence that lasts to this day with the cooperation of some sectors of the Catholic Church local.

At Colombian narcos offered no grace having to give up some business so substantial (estimated between 30% and 50%) to their Mexican counterparts. Thus, they come looking for ways to transport since at least part of the production to the United States with their own. The most traditional way to do this (and to bribe border police) were using boats and private aircraft operating out of ports and clandestine airstrips scattered throughout the region, but the rapid contemporary advances in the techniques of detection and air monitoring has been becoming a very unsafe and uneconomic. There Time for a submarine.

semi-submersibles.

Colombia's Pacific coast is a paradise for smugglers. Thousands of cliffs and streams that empty into the ocean form a dense network of waterways covered by dense mangrove forests where you can build small ports and shipyards (or hide them among the local communities) without enemies come to shop account. It is one of those places where smuggling has always been everything that had some value, enough to render them miserable anime anyone who aspires to a life a little better and old enough to have reached to form a local culture. Build

operational submarine capable of entering into the Pacific Ocean, although more or less along the coast, for three thousand five hundred miles to reach the United States is another matter. The major industrial powers could not do that until the First World War, and it was not until after the second to make it possible to complete the trip without leaving the surface. Powerful they might be, drug trafficking organizations are no major industrial powers and have their own resources. Thus, the first solution was to develop semi-submersible craft vessels, in which most of the town is under overlooking the water and only a small portion above the surface.

This type of design has many advantages. Primitive, but advantages. On the one hand, it is easy and inexpensive to produce and manage, without the complexities of a fully submersible vessel. On the other hand, greatly reduces the chances of detection at the hands of ships (or underwater, if necessary.) Leaning over so little above the water, is easily hidden behind the horizon, below radar coverage of the Coast Guard and the federal . Very simple and is also built ships and commercial engine parts, their sound is easily camouflaged among the millions of little boats that pass through these waters legal. And yet if you detect them is very fast and sink into the water to rescue you, in this way, the evidence of smuggling end up in the bottom of the sea.

Thus, from 2000, these semi-submersibles began to climb the gringo in long-and risky-trips across the Atlantic and Pacific. At first, the United States believed were unfounded rumors and called Bigfoots. However, in 2006 sighted three years late and managed to capture the first, ninety miles southwest of Costa Rica. Sighting in 2008 were ten a month, but only managed to get one because their crews, as known discovered, the sink to avoid being caught red-handed.

From the very first time, Americans were some surprisingly advanced design details. For example, the use of plastics, fiberglass and forms designed to reduce radar returns on parts that are on the surface, and an ingenious arrangement of exhaust pipes to reduce the infrared profile, a precariously but effective stealth technologies. Commonly used GPS navigation systems. Nobody knows how many have been able to sneak undetected over recent years; each can easily carry ten tons of cargo at about six knots from Colombia to North America, with a stop for refueling.

However, the whole concept has several obvious problems. The most basic, these boats are still looking very good from the air and once seen, lack the skills of flight of gliders and boats equipped with high-powered engines. On the other hand are unmistakable, so that ships can be disguised as legitimate. And finally, the adoption of several laws specifically condemning the crew of this class of ships without a flag nullified the legal advantages of sinking and thrown into the sea.

And everyone assumed the next step, but very few wanted to believe. Okay, make a small boat with an outboard lower furtive interesting couple of solutions is one thing. But really submarines, no. Impossible. They are just narcos, hear. And on top sudacas . What they know those!

pocket Narcosubmarinos low-cost.




The first step was the development of a torpedo not driven to carry the load. This submersible is equipped with ballast tanks to adjust their buoyancy so that is stabilized at about thirty feet deep. Then loaded with farlopa and legitimate, a fishing boat, a merchant, a recreational vessel, whatever-you drag it under water. If a patrol with dubious intentions, they have only release the cable (which may well be underwater with a single remote actuator), the torpedo is behind and the boat is clean will continue its path as normal. After a while, using a timer, the torpedo up a marker or beacon, a pallet of wood painted a certain color, for example, for a vessel that comes after, say, a fish with a net- pick it up and continue traveling in the same way.

This technique is very effective because transportation is virtually undetectable unless very expensive using means fully dimensioned, and aboard ships do not carry anything illegal. Even though the crew arrested with any technicality, a lawyer can be minimally able to get very difficult to get the prosecutor to prove that appeared down there if they appeared, belonging to the accused and not to any other the thousands of boaters who ply the same waters daily.

however, would not stop there. Besides the obvious potential for improving this torpedo-for example, providing some capacity for independent and / or further reducing their detectability, the Colombian narcos seem determined to establish a full underwater line. Already in 2000, in a warehouse in Bogotá, appeared a submarine hull steel in the final stages of construction had apparently been designed using Russian and American engineers . I was struck by the high quality of installation. Some people need to improve their pension plan before retirement and all that.

In 2007, the Coast Guard United States intercepted a vehicle type a submarine with a large cache of illegal drugs. In July 2008, the Mexican Navy did the same with a homemade submarine , in what appears to be showing an increasing degree of sophistication. But nobody was prepared for what came earlier this month of July 2010 in a remote stream in the Ecuadorian rainforest, a short distance from the border with Colombia.

Ecuadorian police, acting on a tip from the DEA, was found in a jungle yard fiberglass submarine full, failing only to make final adjustments his first voyage. It was a ship of thirty meters long diesel-electric propulsion true, worth about four million dollars and provided with a periscope, snorkel , self-contained breathing system with air conditioning and other characteristics of a real submarine . Was equipped with various technological improvements to reduce noise and increase its overall stealth, and should be manned by five or six people to carry ten tons of genre to America. It is not known if the first one built or if there are others in service, its sophistication us to think that it was not the first time to put (or someone has a very good and experienced engineer ...). I can not resist to show you a collection of images:









Why tell you this? Because I'm fascinated by human ingenuity, this extraordinary ability we have to face the most difficult issues and resolve. Amid a remote jungle, misery cacique, far from anything like a shipbuilding industry, there are people capable of making real submarines in order to challenge a superpower. Amosnomejodas. Regardless of the moral view that you deserve the whole thing, it takes courage, intelligence and ability to do that. Although maybe I could have more lofty goals, that is the same light that brought us out of the caves in search of something better.



Thursday, July 22, 2010

Gateway Lt3103 Lost Its Webcam

Qian Xuesen, the other chief designer.

... everyone who knew anything about it blinked with astonishment and despair
to such an act of blindness, bigotry and idiocy. No espionage plot
never provided much information about rocketry, missile and technology
advanced aerospace a foreign power in one fell swoop. With this monumental
own goal, the United States exported a program
space entire People's Republic of China of Mao. A space program
named Qian Xuesen.



In 1955, the People's Republic of China was a huge country, overpopulated and backward right out of the revolution that founded it and the Korean War. Just beginning to point out something called China industry, the mere idea that could have an aerospace industry no longer able to send people into space, but to manufacture a single plane, was pure fantasy.

In 1975, twenty years later, the People's Republic of China had already developed an extensive program of ballistic missiles and space launchers that allowed him to put his first satellite in orbit. In 2003 he released his first taikonaut the cosmos. Currently, they are installing space stations, sending missions to the Moon and Mars and become a commercial operator of first order. The Chinese space program is another great space program, the other great hope for our future in the stars .

As always, there were many brilliant people behind these achievements, and as usual, there was at least one that stood out above all others, the brain, the soul of the project, the man whose eyes looked to the stars and hands attached to the land they worked. If the United States it was called Wernher von Braun and the Soviet Union Sergei Korolev , People's Republic of China his name was Qian Xuesen. Had you ever heard of him?

The great scholar.

Qian Xuesen (钱学森), also transliterated as Tsien Hsue-Shen and otherwise-was born in Hangzhou being December 1911. A few weeks later to be overthrown for the first time the last emperor of China (or penultimate , as we see it) while the impoverished agricultural country was sliding into the long and complex Civil War that finally saldaría the Revolution and the triumph of the Communists of Mao . We can easily make us an idea of \u200b\u200bthe troubled times in which he was the little Qian, son of a state public official.

However, this is not deprived of an education of a certain quality in a time when millions of peasants starved ragged, hardship and privation of every kind. His family moved to Shanghai when he was three years because his father was assigned a position in the Ministry of Education. There studied and graduated as a mechanical engineer end of railroads in the Jiao Tong University , being 1934, the year he began the Long March .

Qian's excellent performance in college earned him a scholarship damages for the Boxer Rebellion , enabling outstanding Chinese students continue their education in the United States. So, after a brief stint in the Air Force China, the young man of twenty-three he left his native country to study in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). There was emphasized again and how. Despite language difficulties, earned a doctorate in mechanical engineering next year at this prestigious institution and capacity building uncommon in theoretical mathematics, he went to California Institute of Technology (CalTech) to continue his studies under the direction the legendary aerospace engineer Theodore von Kármán .

was at this time that Qian was evidenced as a special genius whom no one wanted to do without. He, meanwhile, became interested in the use of rockets for space flights following the ideas of Frank Malina . Protected Von Kármán and with other students from CalTech, launched a rocket research group to which everyone called the suicide squad due to explosive characteristics of their work. The suicide squad years later became the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

During World War II students suicide squad were recruited for the Armed Forces of the United States, where the Chinese engineer reached the rank of colonel. Worked on the development of different artillery rockets and aviation, a team led by Qian was in 1944 the first U.S. multi-stage rocket, called "A Private . At the end of the conflict, he and Von Kármán was the first to travel to Germany to be defeated with specialists and get their hands on the V-2. These specialists captured was neither more nor less than Wernher von Braun. Nobody could have suspected at the time that the future father of the Chinese space program was questioning and evaluating the future father of the American space program.

After the war, Qian continued serving the United States, aiming higher and higher, farther and farther. Von Kármán wrote about it: "At age 36, was a genius whose work was indisputable proporcionándnos enormous impetus to advance high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion." In Europe he met a famous opera singer called Jiang Ying, the daughter of a senior official linked to the national anticommunist Chiang Kai-shek, whom he married during a visit to China in 1947.

Shortly after his return to the United States to teach at MIT, Qian became the director of the Jet Propulsion Daniel and Florence Guggenheim CalTech and began to work on the design of an aircraft intercontinental cosmic that later became the X-20 Dyna-Soar , a direct ancestor of space shuttle. Father of her first child and another on the way small, applied for U.S. citizenship in 1949. Dr. Qian Xuesen was about to become one of the fathers of American space program, more and more about the regions of the cosmos.

anticommunist hysteria.

Then, an FBI report fell on him and his family like a sledgehammer. Qian appeared on a list of members and supporters of the Communist Party U.S. developed in 1938. Their constant service to America not served at all, or even the fact of being married to the daughter of a national Chinese. Immediately after the revolutionary victory of Mao and the witch hunt of McCarthyism already underway, the engineer was stripped of all its ratings on security, which actually prevented him from working in the aerospace sector. Thus unable to support his family, announced his intention to return to Maoist China now (which probably no more than a form of pressure to let him in peace.)

had miscalculated the scope and extent of anti-Communist hysteria United States. This announcement caused the isolated lock him up in Terminal Island prison. Many people tried to intercede for him, but only managed to transfer to a severe under house arrest in miserable conditions. He was accused of espionage for allegedly attempting to remove secret documents U.S. , such documents were not anything other than log tables. Even the then Secretary of the Navy said years later: "It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. Qian was no more communist than I am, and forced him to leave."

The case is one of the best engineering experts U.S. aerospace and around the world, with a head full of the most advanced science, was composed in a prisoner exchange program with the newly founded Republic of China. In 1955, Dr. Qian Xuesen, co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, father of U.S. multi-stage rocket, the forerunner of the space shuttle, the genius Von Kármán, was deported to China from Mao to change a dozen prisoners of the Korean War. He also marched with his wife and two children born in the United States. And a huge amount of knowledge that was in his mind privileged.

All who knew something about the subject blinked with astonishment and despair at such an act of blindness, bigotry and idiocy. No espionage plot never provided much information about rocketry, missile and advanced aerospace technology to a foreign power in one fell swoop. With this monumental own goal , the United States exported a space program entirely to the People's Republic of China of Mao. A space program named Qian Xuesen. Here, anti no one can beat us. Do not mention it!

The east wind .

course, the authorities lacked Maoists time to put to work providing it with all possible means as Qian stepped on Chinese territory. As in China or anywhere else in the world outside the United States and the Soviet Union had sufficient institutions for the newcomer could expatiate at will, allowed him to immediately establish the Institute of Mechanics of the Academy Sinica and head of the program made ballistic missile development. Quickly, the genie turned up and down the weak Chinese program of rockets and missiles and was selected students a course that soon traveled to the USSR, with whom they were on good terms by then- to complete their training with the Soviet space engineers were preparing to launch Sputnik .

apparently in a last act of loyalty to his former colleagues, Qian deliberately left in the United States its written record and did not provide details about the programs Americans to the USSR. Instead, it was rebuilt from scratch in China. On the basis of a short-range missile R-2 Soviet -an enhanced copy of the German V-2, unlike the following designs Russians, who were deported completely native-our co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory got space program and launched a missile at high scale during the next three decades.

In 1958, Qian had already completed the basic conceptual design of the ballistic missile series Dong Feng, which means east wind. It was also around this time when he joined the Communist Party of China seems to finally become the red had never been before. The first release of DF-1-local version of the R-2-were initiated in 1960, followed quickly by the DF-2 1,000-km range in 1962-which many believe originated in the Soviet R-3 and DF- 3 in 1966, capable of carrying a nuclear payload to the Philippines. Immediately after the DF-4 would multistage, in 1970, followed by the DF-5 in 1971.

The DF-5 was already an intercontinental ballistic missile design all its own, with more than 12,000 km range and therefore able to reach the entire world except South America. That included the USSR (which now no longer got along so well), Europe y. .. United States, of course. In the sixteen years since his removal, Dr. Qian had brought to China from the oxcart to become the other nuclear power with global reach. And it stopped working.



The long traveler.

At that point, the Chinese space program had already achieved a huge entity and was ready to take the next step. Early in the evening of April 24, 1970, from a place called inhospitable Gobi Jiuquan, a Long March rocket called a broke ground with no intention of falling on anyone. His fate was up there in the stars.

few minutes later, a strange melody began to bathe the world from the heavens. It was a revolutionary song china, the East is Red (Dong Fang Hong), and kept ringing for the next twenty-six days. That is, during the twenty-six days that the Chinese first artificial satellite remained in orbit. Dr. Qian Xuesen had to turn to China, too, in a space power, while others are venturing into his disciples the task of developing naval missile known as the Silkworm and his successors.

During the following years, China continued to release and learning. For the Long March 1 were followed by 2, 3 and 4 which have become the backbone of your program. They are pitching a broad array of light, medium and heavy do not have much to envy the United States, Russia or Europe. Following the model of the Soviet space program, developed Yuanwang ships and prepared to enter the big league following a logic very similar to those of the series Vostok, Soyuz, Salyut and Mir using proprietary technology.

Finally, Qian retired in 1991, eighty years after it adopted a low profile and became interested in the scientific study of traditional Chinese medicine. All around, the mighty work that was started their journey, taking the first taikonaut into space in 2003, preparing to launch its first space station, entering in the commercial segment, preparing to go to the moon and Mars and beyond, increasingly becoming one of the major players for the future of humanity. All this and more had their eyes met before who perished in Beijing, at 97 years of age, October 31, 2009.

This was Qian Xuesen, the Rockets Emperor, the wise man, serene, gentle and dreamy, which launched two space programs of immense value. Considered by all the patriarch of the taikonaut china, his work extend for decades and centuries into the future as old bones lie in the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery (which is still the Arlington Novodevichy Americans or the Russians, Chinese version). From the five cosmodromes Chinese spacecraft are taking off he conceived normally. In secret locations throughout the Republic, the atomic missile designed to protect them from any aggression, and those who are not atomic represent an excellent export item. As someone else said about the space program , this is no longer an adventure, is now a work. That is probably the best thing you can say something.

Qian Xuesen
(1911-2009), a mechanical engineer, member of the China Academy of Sciences.
Colonel of the Armed Forces of the United States, co-founder of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, forerunner of the space shuttle.
Founder of China's space program, Hero of Science, Medal of Merit.
spacecraft designer.